
Photography: a critical introduction
Wells, L. (2009) Photography: a critical introduction. (4th edn.). Abingdon: Routledge.
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text
Contents
Thinking about photography: debates, historically and now
Derrick Price and Liz Wells
Introduction 11
Aesthetics and technologies 12
The impact of new technologies 12
Art or technology? 13
The photograph as document 17
Photography and the modern 19
The postmodern 21
Contemporary debates 24
What is theory? 24
Photography theory 26
Critical reflections on realism 27
Reading the image 30
Photography reconsidered 34
Theory, criticism, practice 36
Case study: Image analysis: the example of Migrant Mother 39
Histories of photography 49
Which founding father? 50
The photograph as image 51
History in focus 53
Photography and social history 56
Social history and photography 56
The photograph as testament 57
Categorical photography 59
Institutions and contexts 61
The museum 62
The archive 63
Surveyors and surveyed: photography out and about
Derrick Price
Introduction 67
Documentary and photojournalism: issues and definitions 69
Documentary photography 69
Photojournalism 70
Documentary and authenticity 71
The real and the digital 73
Surveys and social facts 75
Victorian surveys and investigations 75
Photographing workers 79
Photography within colonialism 81
Photography and war 86
Bearing witness 89
The construction of documentary 92
Picturing ourselves 93
The Farm Security Administration (FSA) 97
Discussion: Drum 100
Documentary: new cultures, new spaces 102
Theory and the critique of documentary 106
Cultural politics and everyday life 108
The real world in colour 110
Documentary and photojournalism in the global age 113
‘Sweet it is to scan … ‘: personal photographs and popular photography
Patricia Holland
Introduction 119
In and beyond the charmed circle of home 124
The public and the private in personal photography 124
Beyond the domestic 127
Fiction and fantasy 129
Portraits and albums 130
Informality and intimacy 136
The working classes picture themselves 137
Kodak and the mass market 142
The supersnap in Kodaland 148
Paths unholy and deeds without a name? 152
Twenty-first-century contemplations 152
Post-family and post-photography? 161
And in the galleries … 164
Acknowledgements 165
The subject as object: photography and the human body
Michelle Henning
Introduction 169
The photographic body in crisis 169
Embodying social difference 173
Objects of desire and disgust 177
Objectification, fetishism, voyeurism 177
The anti-pornography campaigns 181
Photography and homoerotic desire 183
Class and representations of the body 186
Case study: La Cicciolina 189
Technological bodies 192
The camera as mechanical eye 192
Interventions and scientific images 195
The body as machine 196
Digital imaging and the malleable body 198
Photography, birth and death 201
Summary 204
Spectacles and illusions: photography and commodity culture
Anandi Ramamurthy
Introduction: the society of the spectacle 207
Photographic portraiture and commodity culture 208
Photojournalism, glamour and the paparazzi 210
Commercial photography, image banks and corporate media 213
Commodity spectacles in advertising photography 216
The grammar of the ad 221
Case study: The commodification of human relations and experience – Telenor Mobile TV Advertisement, ‘Everywhere’ 221
The transfer of meaning 225
The creation of meaning through context and photographic styles 226
Hegemony in photographic representation 228
Photomontage: concealing social relations 228
Concealing labour relations 230
Gender, fashion and the gaze 232
Fashion photography 236
Case study: Tourism, fashion and ‘the Other’ 240
The context of the image 250
Image worlds 251
Case study: Benetton, Toscani and the limits of advertising 253
On and beyond the white walls: photography as art
Liz Wells
Introduction 259
The status of the photograph as art 260
Early debates and practices 263
The complex relations between photography and art 263
Realism and systems of representation 264
Photography extending art 265
Photography claiming a place in the gallery 268
The modern era 271
Modernism and Modern Art 271
Modern photography 274
Photo-eye: new ways of seeing 276
Case study: Art, design, politics: Soviet Constructivism 277
American formalism 279
Case study: Art movements and intellectual currencies:
Surrealism 281
Late twentieth-century perspectives 285
Conceptual art and the photographic 285
Photography and the postmodern 288
Women’s photography 292
Questions of identity 294
Identity and the multi-cultural 295
Photography within the institution 297
Appraising the contemporary 298
Curators, collectors and festivals 301
The gallery as context 302
Case study: Landscape as genre 303
Photography in the age of electronic imaging 311
Martin Lister
Introduction 313
The early 1990s and worries about truth 316
The humanist response 320
The humanist subject 321
Techno-progressivism 323
Media archaeology and other histories of photography 324
Further critical issues 328
Reception 328
Theory and practice 330
Virtual, hybrid, networked 330
The virtual image 330
Kodak and Nokia 336
Citizen (photo)journalist 337
Surveillance 338
Archives and digital image banks 339
Index A-C
1 Lafayette, Louisiana (Friedlander) 105
7/7 London bombings 338, 338
A
Abbott, Berenice 35
about-face 233
Abu Ghraib 91, 189
Adams, Ansel 279, 280, 306
Adamson, Robert 127(m), 266(m)
Addison, Graeme 102
Ades, Dawn 282
Adobe Photoshop 198, 341
advertising: Benetton 253-6; Carte D’Or 230, 231; commodity spectacle 216-20; computergenerated images 331-2, 333,
334, 335; context of the image 214, 226-8, 250; cosmetics 180; food 229, 230, 232; Halfords 228; hegemony in photographic representation 228-33; human body 180, 182, 198; Jack Daniel’s 232; Kodak 146, 150, 151; Lancia 230-2, 250-1; Landrover 331-5, 332, 333, 334; the photographic body in crisis 172; Pretty Polly 233, 234; reception of images 330; Saab 198, 200; shock advertising 254-5; Telenor 221-5, 222; Toblerone 198; transfer of meaning 225-6
aesthetics 12-24; aesthetic theory 25, 26; art history 44-5; art or technology? 13-17; definition 345; impact of new technologies 12-13; the photograph as document 17-19; photography and the modern 19-21; the postmodern 21-4; surveys and social facts 91
Afghanistan 90
African American photographers 296
African Drum 100
African National Congress 100
‘Afternoon Dream’ from ‘ Indian Summer’ (Marie Claire magazine) 248
ageing 169
Aggett, Colin 165
AIDS 169-70, 186, 255
albums 124, 130-5, 161, 239
Alexander, Stuart 303(m)
Algerian postcards 241
Allen, M. 331
Allen, N.W. 321
Alloula, Malek 240, 241, 241 (m)
Amateur Photographer 128
amateur photography 119, 134, 143
Ambrotype 86(m)
American Civil War 87
An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion 44
American formalism 279-81
Americanness 46
The Americans (Frank) 103, 272
America’s Next Top Model 202
analogue photography 18, 314, 315, 316, 345
Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa 226, 227, 227
animation 198, 199, 200, 201
Annan, Thomas 7l 79,137
anorexia 172, 234, 235
Anson, Libby 292
anthropological photography 240, 340
anti-pornography campaigns 181-3, 186
Appert, E. 71
Arab culture 245, 249
‘Arabesque: Rock the Casbah’ (Company magazine) 244
‘ Arabia behind the veil’ (Marie Claire magazine) 246-7
Archer, Frederick Scott 86(m)
‘The Archive and the Body’ (Sekula) 60
archives 64, 339-44, 353-8
Aristotle 50
Armory show 269
Amason, H.H. 274
Arnatt, Keith 287, 307
Arnold, Eve 88(m)
art 259-310; art history 25, 26, 44-5, 51; definition 345; early debates and practices 263-71; landscape as genre case study 303-1 0; late twentieth-century perspectives 285-96; the modern era 271-85; or technology 13-17; overview 259-60; photography within the institution 297-303; status of the photograph as art 260-3; surveys and social facts 91
Art and Photography (Campany) 289
Art and Photography (Scharf) 263, 263(m)
Artforum 286
Art in America 286
The Art of Photography (exhibition) 260
The Art of Photography (Weaver) 55, 260(m)
Association of Black Photographers 295
Atget, Eugene 35, 276
Atkins, Anna 271 (m), 308
auction houses 302
authenticity 71-3
‘The Author as Producer’ (Benjamin) 35
autobiography 157
Autograph 295, 296
autographic 30, 345
avant-garde 186, 197, 198, 272, 273, 275-6
‘Awakened in Buffalo’ (Marc) 296
B
Bacher, Fred 256
Back, L. 253, 253(m), 254, 255
Badger, Gerry 54, 54(m), 300(m)
Badmington, Neil 171
Bailey, David A. 240, 294, 295, 296
Bailey, Jim 100, 102
Bailey’s photographers,
Bournemouth 139
Baker, Monika 295
Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich 187, 190, 203
Baldwin, Gordon 13(m)
Baltz, Lewis 288
Barnard, George 87
Barnardo, Dr T.J. 71-2, 80
Barre, Andre 236
Barrett, Michele 121 (m)
Barry, Sir Charles 130
Barthes, Roland: Camera Lucida 27, 32, 47, 122(m), 201(m), 328; categorical photography 60; commodity spectacles 220; conceptual art 286; contemporary debates 27, 31-4, 37; context of the image 250; documentary and photojournalism 74; electronic imaging 317,324,326,328; hegemony in photographic representation 228, 230; histories of photography 12; human body 180(m), 201, 202; image banks and corporate media 214; Lange’s Migrant Mother 41, 42(m), 47; Mythologies 31, 42(m), 220(m); personal photography 122; The Pleasure of the Text 32; postmodernism 23; Telenor case study 221, 223, 225(m)
Batchen, Geoffrey: electronic imaging 321, 323, 325, 331; histories of photography 51; image banks and corporate media 214; new technologies 13; theory 26
Bate, David 113,240,284,312
Battye, Nicholas 110
Baudelaire, Charles 14, 15, 17(m), 265, 269(m)
Baudrillard, Jean 22, 74, 208
Bauhaus 276 277,284
Bayer, Herbert xx, 276, 284
Bazin, Andre 18, 27
Beard, Richard 130
The Beautiful Girl (Das scheme Madchen, Hoch) 197
Becher, Bernd and Hilla 288
Bede, Cuthbert 124, 132, 134, 135, 136, 143
Before Photography (Galassi) 266, 266(m)
Bellmer, Hans 197, 199, 285
Beloff, Halla 47-8, 103, 105
Belussi, Fiorenza 253
Benetton 177(m), 253-6
Benjamin, Walter: aesthetics and technologies 17(m), 17-18, 18(m 19-20; electronic imaging 324, 337; human body 173, 192; photography as art 263, 277, 277(m), 302; photography reconsidered 35
Berger, John: electronic imaging 324; fashion photography 236; hegemony in photographic representation 229, 232, 232(m human body 178, 180(m), 192; photography as art 304; reading the image 30-1
Bernstein, Basil 122, 122(m)
Berry, Ian 100
Bertillon, Alphonse 174, 175, 196, 340, 341
Bettman Archive 343
Between Dog and Wolf (Lebas) 310
Beyond the Family Album (Spence) 158
Bezencenet, Steve 54
Bhabha, H. 154
Billingham, Richard 164
Binkley,T imothy 314(m)
biometric data systems 175, 196
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery 271
birth 201-4
black and white photography 111-12, 226,227,228
Black Country chain-makers postcard 142
Black Panther magazine 48
black people in photographic practice 56, 153, 240, 295, 296, 303
Black Photographers (Thomas) 56
Blackpool postcards 139
‘ Blue Hour’, from Between Dog and Wolf (Lebas) 310
Blumenfield, Erwin 236
Boddy, W. 325
Bode, S. 313
body 169-204; classical 190-1, 203; colonialism 84; documentary 107; embodying social difference 173-7; gender, fashion and the gaze 233; identity 1 58; Lange’s Migrant Mother 47; objects of desire 177-91; the photographic body in crisis 169-7 3; photography, birth and death 201-4; technological bodies 192-201
‘The Body and the Archive’ (Sekula) 173(m)
Boffin, Tessa 109
Bohemia Venezolana 48
Boltanski, Christian 164
Bolter, Jay David 329
Bond, Edward and May 140, 140, 141
Bourdieu, Pierre 165(m)
Bourdin, Guy 236
Box Brownie 119, 145-6, 146, 270, 336
Brady, Matthew 87
branding 214, 215
Brandt, Bill 106, 198, 272, 273, 275, 307, 307(m)
Braun, Marta 192, 192(m), 195
Brecht, Bertolt 17(m), 35, 43(m)
Breton, Andre 282, 282(m), 283
Bright, Deborah 183, 183(m), 184, 304
Bright, Susan 300(m)
British Airways 215
British Census 59
British Journal of Photography 1 5
Brittain, D. 164
Branski, Michael 186
Brookes, Rosetta 236, 236(m), 238, 249
Brown, Beverley 178, 182
Bulger, James 160
The Burden of Representation (Tagg) 59, 107, 107(m), 123(m), 174(m)
Burgess, N. 113
Burgin, Victor: categorical photography 59; objectification, fetishism, voyeurism 179, 180; the photograph as document 18; photography as art 27 4, 289, 290(m); photography reconsidered 35, 35(m), 36; photography theory 27, 27(m); photomontage 230; reading the image 31; theory, criticism, practice 37
Burson, Nancy 177, 204
Butler, Susan 110-11, 294, 294(m)
Butt, Gavin 184, 186
C
Cadbury’s 212, 213
Cahun, Claude 285
Callahan, Harry 280
calotype 127, 127(m), 136, 260, 266, 266(m)
Camera Club 262
Camera Lucida (Barthes) 27, 32, 47, 122(m), 201 (m), 328
camera obscura 50
camera-phones 335, 336-7, 338
cameras: art or technology? 17; box 119, 145-6, 146,270,336; camera obscura 50; detective 136; digital 157, 315; histories of photography 50; Instamatics 150, 151, 21 O; as mechanical eye 192-5; Polaroid 138, 138(m); realism 28; sales 147; viewfinders 279(m)
Camera Work 21, 269
Camerawork magazine 62, 94
Camerawork organization, London 154, 302
Cameron, James 200
Cameron, Julia Margaret 134, 262, 266-7
camp 184, 186,191,203
Campaign Against Pornography 182
Campany, David 75, 289, 289(m)
Canadian National Railways 251
Canon Photography Gallery 297(m)
Capa, Robert 88, 88(m)
capitalism 80, 207, 209, 230, 231, 232
captions 291, 292
car advertisements: Lancia 230-2, 250-1; Landrover 331-5, 332, 333, 334; Saab 198, 200
Carlebach, Michael L 87
carnivalesque 152, 187, 188, 345-6
Caro, Isabelle 234, 235, 236
Carr, E.H. 11
cartes-de-visite 132, 132(m), 147, 209, 209(m), 236
Carte D’Or advertisement 230, 231
Carter, Jennifer Ransom 151, 151 (m)
Cartier-Bresson, Henri 73, 88(m), 112
cartoons 198 199,200
Cartwright, Lisa 194, 194(m), 195
case studies: Benetton, Toscani and the limits of advertising 253-6; La Cicciolina 189-91 , landscape as genre 303-10; Lange’s Migrant Mother 39-49; Soviet Constructivism 277-9; Surrealism 281-5; Telenor 221-5; tourism, fashion and ‘the Other’ 240-9
Castells, M. 342
castration anxiety 179
CAT (computed axial tomography) 195
categorical photography 59-61
CCTV images 339
celebrities 147, 164, 181, 211-13, 224
censorship 172, 184, 186, 189
CGI see computer-generated images
Chadwick, Whitney 285
Chambers, Eddie 295, 295(m)
Chanan, M. 130
Chester, Gail 183
children 148-9, 158-60, 161, 165
Chinese baby (Wong) 211
Christian Dior 2 56
Christian iconography 203
Christian, J. 58
Christie’s 302
La Cicciolina 189-91, 190, 203
cinema: birth of 270; cinematography 20; computer generated images 331; fashion photography 233, 236; film studies 26; human body 180, 192; realism 28, 218
citizen (photo) journalist 337-8
Clarke, Graham 40, 40(m), 55, 55(m)
class 109, 1 58, 177, 186-9
classical body 190-1, 203
Claudet, Antoine 130
Close No. 118 High Street (Annan) 76
Cochrane, Kira 189(m)
Cockpit, London 298
codes 31, 32, 3 153,346
Coe, Brian 122, 122(m), 137, 144, 147, 148
Coke, Van Deren 264, 264(m)
‘Cold Comfort’ (Company magazine) 245
Cole, Ernest 100
Coleman, AD. 286
collective memory 29
collectors 301-2
collodion 86, 86(m)
The Colonial Harem (Alloula) 241
colonialism: categorical photography 59-60; French colonial postcard 248; human body 177, 179; identity and the multi-cultural 296; personal photography 124, 127; photography within colonialism 81-6; tourism, fashion and ‘the Other’ 240, 241
colour photography 110-13, 150, 151, 298
Comme des Garcons 239
Comment and Commitment (Tate Gallery) 285
commercial photography 213-16, 217,220,228, 253-6
commodity culture 207-56; Benetton case study 253-6; commercial photography, image banks and corporate media 213-16; commodity spectacles in advertising photography 216-20; context of the image 250-3; creation of meaning through context and photographic styles 226-8; definition 346; fashion photography 236-40; hegemony in photographic representation 228-36; overview 207-8; photographic portraiture and commodity culture 208-10; photojournalism, glamour and the paparazzi 210-13; Telenor case study 221-5; tourism, fashion and ‘the Other’ case study 240-9; transfer of meaning 225-6
commodity fetishism 180(m), 186, 220
communication theory 37
community arts 260(m)
community histories 154
Company magazine 244
composite photography 176, 177
Compulsive Beauty (Foster) 197
computed axial tomography (CAT) 195
computer-generated images (CGI) 331, 332, 333, 335
Comte, Auguste 324
conceptual art 285-8
A Concise History of Photography (Gernsheim and Gernsheim) 43, 52
Connarty, Jane 63
connotation 214, 221
construction 106, 290, 346
Constructivism 35, 259(m), 272, 277-9, 284, 291, 305
consumer culture 114, 214
contemporary debates 24-37;
critical reflections on realism 27-30; photography reconsidered 34-6; photography theory 26-7; reading the image 30-4; theory,
criticism, practice 36-7; what is theory7 24-6
context: context of the image 250-3; creation of meaning 226-8; galleries 302-3; institutions 61-2
controversy 255-6
Cooper, Emmanuel 184, 186
Cooper, Thomas 53, 53(m)
copies and originals 22-3, 114
Coplan, John 294(m)
Corbin, Anita 111
Corbis 214, 215, 339, 342, 343, 343
Corner, John 64
corporate media 213-16
corpses 201, 202
cosmetic advertisements 180
Cotton, Charlotte 237, 238, 298, 298(m), 299, 302
Courbet, Gustav 264, 265
Cousins, Mark 161 (m)
Covington, Marian and Jeanette 165
Craik, Jennifer 236, 237, 237(m), 239
Crary, Jonathan 24, 192, 192(m), 316,319,320, 324
Crawley, G. 150
Creative Camera 11 O
Crimean War 86, 87
Les Crimes de la Commune (Appert) 71
criminals 173-7, 196, 202
Crimp, Douglas 62(m), 62-3, 288-9
criticism 36-7
‘Critique of the Image’ (Eco) 35
cross-dressing 186
Cruel and Tender exhibition 260, 300, 300(m)
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 152
Cubists 272, 275
cultural politics 108-1 O
Cultural Sniping (Spence) 123(m)
Cunningham, Imagen 279, 306
curators 301-2
‘The Currency of the Photograph’ (Tagg) 59
Curtis, Neal 196
Cyanotype process 308, 308(m)
cyberculture 295
cyborgs 201
D-H
D
Dada 97, 196(m), 282, 321
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mande 13, 49, 50, 130, 209(m), 265(m)
daguerreotype: histories of photography 50, 50(m), 55; photographic portraiture and commodity culture 209, 209(m); photography, birth and death 202; portraits and albums 130, 130(m), 131, 134; realism 265, 265(m)
Daily Illustrated Mirror 147
Daily Mirror: anti-pornography campaigns 181; documentary 95; electronic imaging 326; personal photography 14 7, 152(m); photojournalism, glamour and the paparazzi 211, 213
Daily Star 211
Dali, Salvador 282
Darwin, Charles 267
Davidoff, Leonore 121 (m), 132, 151
Davidov, Judith Fryer 39(m)
Davies, John 306, 307
A Day Off· An English Journal (Ray-Jones) 106
death 136,159, 201-4
Death of a Loyalist Soldier (Capa) 88
De Beers 226
Debord, Guy 207, 207(m), 208, 213
The Decisive Moment (Cartier-Bresson) 112
Decoding Advertisements (Williamson) 220(m), 250
deconstruction 291, 346
defamiliarisation 35-6
Deitch, Jeffrey 171
deja-tu 286
Delahaye, Luc 90
Del LaGrace Volcano 186, 191
Dennett, Terry 121, 338
denotation 214, 221
Dentith, Simon 187
Derges, Susan 308, 309
Desert Cantos (Misrach) 308
desire: class and representations of the body 189; commodity culture 218, 229, 239; homoerotic desire 183-6; objectification, fetishism, voyeurism 179; objects of 177-91; the photographic body in crisis 169
detective cameras 136
Devlin, Polly 237
Dewdney, Andrew 161
Dexter, Emma 300(m)
Diana, Princess of Wales 211, 212
di Bello, Patrizia 26, 132
Dickey, Julienne 183
Diesel 256
Dietrich, Marlene 181
digital cameras 157, 315
digital imaging 313-44; archives and digital image banks 339-44; citizen (photo)journalist 337-8; documentary and photojournalism 113; early 1990s and worries about truth 316-20; further critical issues 328-30; humanist response 320-7; Kodak and Nokia 336-7, 336-7; malleable body 198-201; overview 313-16; personal photography 120, 157, 164; postmodernism 24; the real and the digital 73-5; surveillance 338-9; the virtual image 330-6
Dijkstra, Rineka 168, 203-4, 295
Diorama 325
Directory of British Photographic Collections (Royal Photographic Society) 57
disability 162-3, 164, 179
discourse 120, 346
Disderi, Andre-Adolphe 132, 132(m), 209(m), 217
Disney animations 199
Disrupted Borders 295
Divola, John 110
D-Max 295, 296
Documenta 301
documentary: construction of 92-102; fashion photography 236; Lange’s Migrant Mother 42(m), 43, 45; new cultures, new spaces 102-15; the photograph as document 17-19; photography as art 275, 299; and photojournalism 69-75; realism 29; surveys and social facts 67, 68, 77, 78
Documentary Photography Archive, Manchester 152(m)
domesticity 121 (m), 124, 127, 134, 144
Dorothee Bis 239
Doy, Gen 241
Drake, M. 122
‘Draughtsman drawing a nude’ (Dorer) 322
Drum 100-2, 101
Dubin, Steven C 170, 172(m)
Duchamp, Marcel 282
Duncan, David Douglas 88
Duncan, M.C 119(m), 120, 121
Dunes, Oceano (Weston) 280
Dunkin Doughnuts 245, 249
Durand, Regis 115
Durden, Mark 39
Durer, Albrecht 322
Dust Storm, Cimarron County,
Oklahoma (Rothstein) 99
Dworkin, Andrea 182
Dyer, Geoff 18-19
Dyer, Richard 176
E
Eastlake, Lady Elizabeth 15(m),
15-17
Eastlake, Sir Charles 15(m)
Eastman, George 119, 142, 143, 336
Eastman Kodak 143,214, 315(m)
eating disorders 234, 236
ecological awareness 228
economic history 120, 351
Eco, Umberto 18, 31, 35, 122(m), 208
Edison, Thomas 192(m), 326
Education Acts 137
Edwards, Elizabeth 60, 60(m), 240
Edwards, Steve 11, 237-8, 289
Eggleston, William 110, 298
Eidophusikon 325
Eileraas, Karina 240
Eisenstein, Sergei 199
electronic imaging 313-44; archives and digital image banks 339-44; citizen (photo)journalist 337-8; early 1990s and worries about truth 316-20; further critical issues 328-30; humanist response 320-7; Kodak and Nokia 336-7; overview 313-16; surveillance 338-9; the virtual image 330-6
Elias, Norbert 187
Elkins, James 29
Elle magazine 233, 234, 255
Emerson, Peter Henry 270-1, 271(m)
empiricism 58
‘Encoding/Decoding’ (Hall) 220(m), 225
Enlightenment 21
Enos, Katherine 183
epistemology 346
erotic imagery: anti-pornography campaigns 182; camera as mechanical eye 192(m); La Cicciolina case study 189; fashion photography 236; homoerotic desire 183, 186; objectification, fetishism, voyeurism 177, 178, 179; tourism, fashion and ‘the Other’ 240, 244
eugenics 177
Evans, C 236, 236(m), 237
Evans, Frederick 271
Evans, Jessica 62, 62(m)
Evans, Walker 42, 45, 97, 98, 260(m)
Eve, Karen and Nick (Saunders) 162-3
‘Everywhere’ (Telenor ad) 222
Ewing, William 171,195,236
Exhibition Installation (Thompson) 270
exhibitions 299, 299(m), 300, 301-2
Exit Photography Group 11 O
exoticism 128, 240-5
The Expanding Eye (Thomas) 58(m), 58-9, 76(m)
explicitness 188, 189
Exposition Universe/le, Paris 217
F
f/64 group 279, 280(m), 288
Fables (Knorr) 291
fabrication 290, 290(m)
Facebook 120
The Face magazine 237, 253
The Face of Fashion (Craik) 237, 239
Falconer, J. 128
Falk, Pasi 256, 256(m)
‘Family of Man’ exhibition 41
family photographs: children 148-9, 158-60, 161, 165; commodity
G
Gabriel, Dorika 171 Gabriel, Teshome 152-3 Galassi, Peter 262, 266, 266(m) galleries: claiming a place in 268-71; documentary and photojournalism 113; personal photography 164-5; photography as art 297, 301-3 Gall, Franz Josef 173(m) Galton, Francis 176, 176, 177, 204 games arcades 327 Gamman, Lorraine 179
Garbo, Greta 180(m) Gardner, Alexander 87 Gasser, Martin 49 Gates, Bill 214 Gates, Kelly 338, 339 Gates, Paul 122, 122(m), 137, 144, 147 Gay, Eric 66 gay men 184, 186 gaze: definition 347; electronic imaging 322; gender, fashion and the gaze 232-6; Lange’s Migrant
Mother 47, 47(m); objectification,
fetishism, voyeurism 178; personal
photography 127, 160; surveyors
and surveyed 67; women’s
photography 293, 294
gender: class and representations of
the body 188; documentary 95-6,
109; fashion photography 232-6;
history in focus 55-6; homoerotic
desire 186; Lange’s Migrant
Mother 45-6, 46(m), 47(m);
personal photography 144, 158;
the photographic body in crisis
169; photography reconsidered
3 5; theory, criticism, practice 36 Gender Advertisements (Goffman) 232 General Electric photography 251-3 General Electric Review 252 General Theory of Linguistics (de Saussure) 31
genetics 171
The Genius of Photography (Badger) 54, 54(m) genre 303-1 O Geraghty, C. 124
Gernsheim, Alison 43, 51, 51 (m),
52, 53, 58, 59(m)
Gernsheim, Helmut 43, 51, 51(m),
52, 53, 59(m)
Getty Images pie 214, 215, 216,
339,342
Giebelhausen, Joachim 220
Gilbreth, Frank 195, 196
Gillis, J. 121(m)
Gilroy, Paul 127
glamour 210-13, 218
globalisation 113, 253
Global Vision 256
Goddard, Angela 228
Godwin, Fay 307, 308
Goffman, Erving 232
Goldberg, Vicki 53(m)
‘The Golden Age of Hollywood’
(Marie Claire magazine) 245, 249
golden rule 304-5
Goldin, Nan 164, 169
Goldman, Robert 220, 220(m), 224,
230, 233
Goldsworthy, Andy 288
Good Housekeeping 231
‘The Good Life’ (Meisel) 238
Gosani, Bob 100
Graham-Brown, Sarah 60
Graham, Judith 255
Graham, Paul 111
grand narratives 21, 22
Gran Fury 169
The Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck) 98
Grave, Riccardo Dale 236
Gray, Camilla 277
The Great Exhibition 59,217,261
Greedy (Spence/Sheard) 159
Greenberg, Clement 191, 272, 273,
274
Green, Jonathan 287, 287(m)
Green-Lewis, Jennifer 15(m)
Greenwood, James 80
Grey, C. 154
Grey, Gustave le 305
Grierson, John 69, 92
Griffiths, Philip Jones 88
Gropius, Walter 276
grotesque 187, 188
Grundberg, Andy 91, 291
Grundrisse (Marx) 252
Grusin, Richard 329
Gulf War 210
Gunning, Tom 325
Gupta, Sunil 240, 295, 295(m)
Gurskay, Andreas 290
H
Hackney Flashers 108, 1 54
Halfords advertisements 228
Hall, C. 121 (m), 132
Hall, Stuart: commodity culture 220,
220(m), 225, 226, 232, 232(m);
identity 294, 294(m); personal
photography 127, 1 53; theory,
criticism, practice 37(m)
Hamilton, P. 82
Hamilton, Richard 286, 286(m)
Hanley, L. 160
Hannavy, J. 132
Hans Bellmer with first Doll 199
Hardy, Bert 88, 94
harem image 244, 245, 248
Hargreaves, R. 82
Hariman, Robert 29, 29(m), 39, 48
Harker, Margaret 262, 263, 268,
268(m), 269, 271(m)
Harpers Bazaar 239
Harris, Alex 110
Harrison, Charles 287
Harrison, Tom 93
Harvey, Sylvia 64
Harvie, C. 326
Hatoum, Mona 169
Having a Shave on the Banks of the
Ganga, Benares (Rai) 112
Hawarden, Lady Clementina 262
Haworth-Booth, Mark 54, 54(m),
266, 266(m), 296
Hayles, N. Katherine 171
Heartfield, John 97, 228, 229(m),
321
Hedges, Nick 11 O
hegemony 187, 220, 228-36, 347
Hello! 164
Helm, James 134
Henri, Florence 275
Herbello, Fran 169, 170
heritage industry 114, 128, 129,
297,298
The Heritage Industry (Hewison) 297
Heron, Liz 56(m)
heuristic 347
Hewison, Robert 64, 297
High Art Photography 263
high culture 51, 114
Higonnet, Anne 165
Hiley, M. 141
Hill & Knowlton 210
Hill, David Octavius 127 rr- 2: –
Hillier, Mary 134
Hill, Paul 53, 53(m), 300
Hine, Lewis 81, 96,251, 252
Hiroshima 161
Hirsch, Julia 154, 154(m)
Hirsch, Marianne 123, 123(m),
124(m), 152(m), 157, 158, 165
historicisation 347
history: as a construct 11, 12;
economic 120, 351; personal
photography 122; radical history
movement 153, 154; see also
social history
A History of Photography (Lemagny
and Rouille) 54, 54(m)
The History of Photography
(Gernsheim and Gernsheim) 51,
51(m), 52
The History of Photography
(Newhall) 49, 49(m), 51, 52
Hitler, Adolf 70
HIV 186
hobbyists 134
Hoch, Hannah 197
Hackney, David 286
Haggart, Richard 188, 188(m), 190
Hogg, Jabez 131
Hokusai, Katsushika 304, 305
holidays 150, 151, 152
Holland, Patricia 121, 123, 127,
147, 148, 150, 160
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 22
Holocaust 121(m), 153, 161
Home and Garden 1 50
homoerotic desire 183-6, 204
Honey, Nancy 165
Hopkinson, Tom 100, 102
Horlicks advertisement 218
Horne, Donald 64
House of Bondage (Cole) 100
Hovis adverts 232
Howard, F. 15
How We Are 300, 300(m)
Hudson, D. 81
Huhtamo, Erkki 325
Hulton Picture archive 214
human body 169-204; embodying
social difference 17 3-7; objects of
desire 177-91; photography, birth
and death 201-4; technological
bodies 192-201
human genome project 196
humanist response 320-7
Hunt, William Holman 267(m)
Hurley, Jack 39, 43
Hurn, David 88(m)
Hurricane Katrina 66, 91
Hustler 187, 188
Huxley, T.H. 60
hyperreality 22(m), 164, 208
I-P
I
Ibsen, Henry 270(m)
iconic codes/signs 31, 46
icons 47, 48, 48(m)
identity: definition 347; embodying
social difference 176; personal
photography 123, 157, 158;
photography as art 291, 294-7
ideology 37, 123, 220, 347-8
1-D magazine 237
1-D Nationale 296
lies, Chrissie 63(m)
illness 158
Illustrated London News 58(m), 70,
86
Image and Memory (Watriss and
Zamora) 296, 296(m)
image banks 213-16, 339-44
image-text 290, 290(m)
image worlds 251-3, 327
Image Worlds (Nye) 251, 251(m)
immigrants 161
Imperfect Beauty (Cotton) 238
Imperial War Museum 90
Impressionism 269, 269(m), 270
Impressions Gallery, York 297(m)
Independent 227, 227
indexicality 29, 31, 37, 291, 329,
348
indexical signs 46, 74
‘ Indian Summer’ (Marie Claire
magazine) 245, 248
individualism 34
lnstamatic camera 150, 151, 21 O
Institute of International Visual Arts
(INIVA) 296
institutions 61-2, 297-303
Internet 164, 183
intertextuality 327
Iraq 21 O
Ireland, Debbie 165
lrigaray, Luce 179
Isherwood, Sue 123, 123(m), 157,
165
J
Jack Daniel’s whiskey 232
Jacobs, Joseph 176
Jameson, Fredric 22-3
Jay, Martin 192, 201
Jeffrey, Ian 54, 54(m), 55, 276
Jernignan, Joseph 196
The Jewish Type (Gaitan) 176
Jhally, Sut 230, 240, 250
Jobling, Paul 236
Johanneson, Lena 56(m)
journalism 70, 211, 212
Julia, Den Haag, Netherlands
(Dijkstra) 168, 204
K
Kalb, P. 274, 274(m)
Kalogeraki, K. 161
Kellner, Douglas 208
Kelly, Angela 108-9
Kelly, Mary 289, 290, 299
Kember, Sarah 160, 321, 322, 323,
329,330
Kempadoo, Roshini 85, 85
Kemp, Martin 175, 177
Kendrick, Walter 177(m), 182
Kennard, Peter 290
Kenyon, Dave 131, 131 (m), 145
Kerouac, Jack 103
Kertesz, Andre 198
Kilbourne, Jean 230
Killip, Chris 110
Kinetoscope 326
Kinsey report 182
Kipnis, Laura 187, 187(m), 188,
191
Kippin, John 307
Kirby, David 255, 256
Kirstein, Lincoln 260(m)
Kismaric, Susan 238
kitsch 186, 191,203,272
Klarsfeld, Serge 161 (m)
Klein, Melanie 179
Klein, Naomi 230, 240
Klein, William 103, 105
Knape, Gunnilla 56(m)
Knorr, Karen 258, 291, 307
Kocharian, Ursula 154, 154(m), 155,
156, 161, 165
Kodak: advertisement 145; beyond
the domestic 129; electronic
imaging 315(m), 336-7; identity
160; mass market 142-8; page
from a Kodak Brownie album 146;
personal photography 119, 123;
supersnaps in Koda land 150, 151;
working classes 138
Kodak and the Lens of Nostalgia
(West) 119(m), 122
Kodak Trade Circular 14 7
Korean War 88
Kosinski, Dorothy 266(m)
Kotz, Liz 170
Koudelka, Josef 88(m)
Kozloff, Max 30
Kracauer, Siegfried 18, 18(m)
Krauss, Rosalind 23, 194, 284,
284(m)
Kruger, Barbara 289, 290, 294
Kuenzli, Rudolf E. 284(m)
Kuhn, Annette 157, 158
L
labour relations 230-2
Lacan, Jacques 179
The Lady of Shalott (Robinson) 269,
306
Lager Vestberg, Nina 343
Lalvani, Suren 175, 195, 209
Lancia advertisement 230-2, 250-1
Land (Godwin) 310
Landrover advertisement 331-5,
332, 333, 334
landscape 57-8, 303-1 O
Lane, Barry 165
Lange, Dorothea 29, 37, 39-49, 41,
97
Lange, Suzanne 288
Langford, M. 124(m), 158
Lang, Gerhard 177
The Language of Advertising
(Goddard) 228
Lanyon, Josephine 63
‘Larch’,f rom The Streens (Derges)
309
Last Resort (Parr) 111
Latin American photographers 296
Laub, Dori 121 (m)
Lavater, Johann Caspar 173(m)
Lavin, Maud 196, 196(m)
Leach, John 141
Lebas, Chrystal 310
Leeds Slumdom (Swift) 137
Lee, Russell 97, 98
leisure 137, 138
Lemagny, Jean-Claude 14(m), 54,
54(m), 132
lesbian photography 109, 184, 186
Leslie, Esther 180, 199, 200
Let Us Now Praise Famous Women
(Fisher) 45
Levitt, Helen 104
Lewinski, Jorge 88
Lewis, David 294(m), 296
Liberation 7 4
Lichtenstein, Roy 286
Life 88, 210
Lincoln, Abraham 209
Lindt, Johannes 82
Linked Ring Brotherhood 268, 269
Linkman, Audrey 122, 122(m), 141,
152(m)
lipstick advertisements 233
Lipton, Eunice 177
Lister,M . 313,3 30, 332
literary criticism 25, 26
Livingston, Jane 284, 284(m)
Lloyd, Jill 83
Locaites, John Louis 29, 29(m), 39,
48
Lockwood, Arthur 165
Lockwood, Frank 149
Lodgers in a Crowded Tenement
(Riis) 79
London Labour and the London
Poor (Mayhew) 59, 80
The London Paper 1 52
London Stereoscopic Company 86
Lonely Metropolitan (Bayer) xx
Long, Richard 288, 290
Look and Life 70
Look at Me (Williams) 237
looking 36, 106, 107
Lorentz, Pare 43, 43(m)
Lovell, Terry 302
La Lumiere 13
Lyons, Nathan 53(m)
Lyotard, Jean-Franois 21
M
Macdonald, G. 127, 130, 131
Machin, David 213, 214
Macintosh, Mary 183
MacKinnon, Catherine 182
Madge, Charles 93
Magli, Patrizia 173
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
195
Magnum Photos 88, 88(m), 90, 100
Magubane, Peter 100
Mahr, Mari 290
Maimaine, Arthur 100, 102
Makinen, Merja 179, 180(m)
‘Making Strange: The Shattered
Mirror’ (Watney) 35
Malevich, Kasimir 277
Mandela, Nelson 226
Manet, Edouard 264, 264(m)
Mann, Sally 165
Manovich, Lev: electronic imaging
321,330,331, 335; human body
193, 198
Man Ray 272, 284, 285, 302
Mapplethorpe, Robert 172(m), 184
Marc, Stephen 296
Marey, Etienne-Jules 192, 194, 195,
196
Marie Claire magazine 234, 235,
244,245, 246-7, 248,249
Marin, Guillermo 165
marketing photography 251-3
Martin, Paul 79, 95, 136
Martin, Rosy 157, 158
Marvin, C. 325
Marxism 21, 35, 51, 180(m)
Marx, Karl 220, 252, 277(m)
Mass Observation 93-4, 95
materialist analysis 35
Matshika,T odd 100
Mavor, C. 134
Mayhew, Henry 59, 79, 80
Mayne, Roger 105-6
McCauley, Elizabeth Anne 209,
209(m), 217
McClintock, Anne 127
McCullin, Don 89
McIntosh, Mary 121 (m)
McRobbie, Angela 239, 240
meaning: commodity culture 220,
224, 225-8; contemporary
debates 25, 29, 32; human body
204; personal photography 122,
153, 154
medicine 171, 194, 195
Meisel, Steven 237, 238
Meiselas, Susan 88(m), 89
memory 122, 152, 152(m), 157,
158, 161
Mendel, Gideon 169, 171
Men Greeting in a Pub (Spender)
95
Messager, Annette 169
Metz, Christian 180, 180(m), 201
Mewes, George 218
Meyer,M oe 191
micrography 195
Migram Morre’ _a:1ge , •
39, 41, 48, 97
Mikhailov, Boris 295
Millais, John Everett 267 rl’)
Miller, Lee 283, 285
Miller, Mark 210
Milvertha Hendricks (Gay) 66
mimetic representation 348
Minto, C.S. 58
Mirage 295
Misrach, Richard 308
Mitchell, William J. 316, 318-20,
324, 325, 330, 330(m)
Mitter, Swasti 254
mobile phones: camera as
mechanical eye 193; electronic
imaging 335, 336-7; personal
photography 120, 152, 157;
Telenor case study 221-5
Mobile Photograph (Bate) 312
Modern Art 271-4
modernisation 123
modernism: aesthetics and
technologies 17, 19-21, 22;
definition 348; histories of
photography 51; photography as
art 260, 271–4, 276, 307; social
history 58
modernity 21, 58
modern photography 274-6
Modisane, Bloke 100
Modotti, T ina 281
Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo: aesthetics and
technologies 10, 12, 20; personal
photography 123; photography as
art 276, 277, 280; photography
reconsidered 35
Moholy-Nagy, Lucia 276
Mohr, J. 324
Mais de la Photo 301
MOMA see Museum of Modern Art
Monroe, Marilyn 342
montage 67, 67(m), 136, 136(m), 276
Montage (Wombell) 242
monteurs 291
Montoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne 56
Moore, Ray 306
Morgan, Robin 182
The Morgue (Fatal Meningitis 11)
(Serrano) 203
Morgue series (Serrano) 202-3
Morrish, J. 214
mortuary photographs 202
Mother and Baby 1 50 movies see cinema Mrs Lewis Waller with a Kaffir Boy (Thomas) 83 Mulvey, Laura 180, 233 Munby, Arthur 81, 81(m) Murray, Heather 175, 176 Musee d’Orsay, Paris 264(m), 269(m) Musello, C. 149 Museum of Modern Art (MOMA): aesthetics and art history 44; documentary 11 O; fashion photography 238; histories of photography 49(m), 51, 52, 55; photography as art 260, 262, 269(m), 272(m), 292(m), 297; social history 62 museums 62-3, 301-2 mutoscopes 192, 192(m) Muybridge, Eadweard 192 Mydans, Carl 88 Myers, Kathy 228, 228(m) Mythologies (Barthes) 31, 42(m), 220(m)
N
Nadar (Gaspard Felix Tournachon) 264 Nairne, Sandy 289, 302, 302(m) National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) 184 National Gallery, London 264(m), 269(m) National Geographic image collection 214 National Museum of Media, Bradford 292(m) The National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (NMPFT) 49(m), 293, 297(m) naturalism 270, 270(m) Naturalistic Photography (Emerson) 270 Nazism 177, 196, 197 Nead, Lynda 322 Neale, Steve 325, 326 Neumaier, Diane 294, 294(m) New Bauhaus 280 Newhall, Beaumont 49, 51-2, 53, 261, 281 Newhall, Nancy 52(m)
A New History of Photography (Frizot) 54, 54(m)
The New Housekeeping (Frederick)
229, 229
News of the World 181 , 211 newspapers 146, 147
Newsweek 90
Newton, Helmut 236
new topographies 288, 288(m) New Yorker 255
New York (Levitt) 104
New York Public Library 62
New York Times 296
Next Directory 237-8
Nichols, Bill 265
Niepce, Nicephore 50
Nietzsche, Friedrich 34
‘Night Diva’, Marie Claire 234, 235 Nkosi, Lewis 100
No Caption Needed (Hariman and
Locaites) 29, 29(m)
Nochlin, Linda 264
Nokia 336, 336-7
Nolita 234, 235, 236
Northern Rock 227-8
Nova magazine 237
nudes 187, 198
nudity 83, 84, 177
Nunberg, G. 342
Nxumalo, Henry 100, 102
Nye, David 251, 252
O
obesity 172
objectification: anti-pornography campaigns 182, 183; commodity culture 254; definition 348; digital imaging and the malleable body 201; objectification, fetishism, voyeurism 178, 179, 180
O’Donnell, Ron 296
‘Off the Shelf’ campaign 182 Ohrn, Karin Becker 44, 69
Okabe, Daisuke 315
OK magazine 164, 212, 213 Olalquiaga, Celeste 191(m)
On Photography (Sontag) 27, 27(m),
28, 201(m)
Onslow, R. Foley 133
ontological debates 19, 26, 32-4,
328,348
originals and copies 22-3, 114 Orvell, Miles 39
Osborne, Brian 251
O’Sullivan, Kevin 213
O’Sullivan, Timothy 87
the Other: categorical photography
60; class and representations of
the body 189; definition 348-9;
identity and the multi-cultural 295; surveys and social facts 79, 82; tourism, fashion and ‘the Other’ case study 240-9 Our Forbidden Land (Godwin) 310
Outerbridge, Paul 11 O
P
Paasonen, Susanna 183
Panoramas 325, 326
Panzani pasta advertising 230 paparazzi photographs 181, 210-13 Papson, Stephen 230
‘The Paradoxes of Digital
Photography’ (Manovich) 330 Parr, Martin 111, 111, 114, 300(m) Pastoral Interludes (Pollard) 308 Peapall, Lily 118
Peirce, C.S 31, 46, 74
The Pencil of Nature (Fox Talbot)
127, 271(m)
Penlake, Richard 119(m), 136 Penn, Irving 236, 244, 254, 255 Penrose, Roland 282
Penthouse 187, 191
personal histories 154
personal photography 117-65;beyond the domestic 127-9; fiction and fantasy 129-30; in the galleries 164-5; informality and intimacy 136-7; Kodak and the mass market 142-8; overview 119-24; portraits and albums 130-5; post-family and post- photography 161-4; the public and the private in personal photography 124-7; the supersnap in Kodaland 148-52; twenty-first century contemplations 152-61; the working classes picture themselves 137—42
perspective 265
Perspective of Nudes (Brandt) 275 Petro, Patrice 57(m) Phantasmagoria 325 phenomenology 34, 349 Phillips, Christopher 53(m), 279,
279(m)
Phizacklea, Annie 254
photo agencies 88
Photo-Club of Paris 269
photo-eye 276-7
The Photograph: A Strange,
Confined Space (Price) 29
The Photograph (Clarke) 55, 55(m)
Photographers’ Gallery, London
297(m)
Photographic Advertising Limited
218, 219
‘The photographic craze’ 128
Photographic News 144
Photographic Pleasures (Bede) 135
Photographic Society 1 5(m), 130,
268, 270, 271(m)
photography archives 64, 339–44,
353-8
photography as art 259-310; early
debates and practices 263-71;
landscape as genre case study
303-1 O; late twentieth-century
perspectives 285-96; the modern
era 271-85; overview 259-60;
photography within the institution
297-303; status of the
photograph as art 260-3
photography debates and histories
11-64; aesthetics and
technologies 12-24; critical
reflections on realism 27-30;
Migrant Mother case study
39-49; histories of photography
49-56; overview 11-12;
photography reconsidered 34-6;
photography theory 26-7;
reading the image 30-4; social
history 56-64; theory, criticism,
practice 36-7; what is theory?
24-6
photography perspectives 285-96;
identity and the multi-cultural
295-6; photography and the
postmodern 288-92; questions of
identity 294-5; women’s
photography 292-4
Photography: A Concise History
(Jeffrey) 54, 54(m)
Photography, A Cultural History
(Warner Marien) 53(m), 53–4
Photography and Fascination
(Kozloff) 30
Photography and the Body (Pultz) 169
Photography: An Independent Art
(Haworth-Booth) 54, 54(m)
Photography, A Very Short
Introduction (Edwards) 11
The Photography Book (Phaidon) 53
‘Photography,P hantasy,F unction’
(Burgin) 36
Photography Theory (Elkins) 29
Photography Until Now (Szarkowski)
55, 55(m)
photojournalism: commodity culture
210-13, 236; contemporary
debates 29, 36; and documentary
69-75, 113-15; electronic
imaging 316,317,318; personal
photography 148; social history
58; surveys and social facts
87, 91
photomontage: body as machine
198, 198(m); commodity culture
228-32, 242; electronic imaging
321; personal photography 136,
136(m); photography as art 276,
284, 284(m); surveys and social
facts 67(m)
Photo Poche 53
photorealism 331, 333
Photo-Secession, New York 269
Photoshop 198, 341
phrenology 60, 173, 173(m), 177,
209
physiognomy: categorical
photography 60; colonialism 82;
electronic imaging 338; human
body 173, 173(m), 174, 176, 177,
195, 196; photographic
portraiture and commodity culture
209
physiognotrace 13
Physique Pictorial 185, 203
pictorialism: aesthetics and
technologies 14-15, 17;
landscape as genre 305; modern
photography 275; photography
claiming a place in the gallery
268,270,271, 271(m)
Picture Manager 341
Picture Post: construction of
documentary 94, 95, 96, 100;
personal photography 148;
photojournalism 70;
photojournalism, glamour and the
paparazzi 21 O; social history
58(m)
Pierre et Giles 191
Piper, Adrian 169
Piss Christ (Serrano) 172(m), 203
Plato 305(m)
Playboy 187, 188, 191
T he Pleasure of the Text (Barthes) 32
Podpadec, John 111
Polaroid camera 138, 138(m)
police records 173, 174, 175, 196
‘The Political Uses of Photomontage’
(Berger) 229
Pollard, Ingrid 296, 307, 308
Pollock, Griselda 233
Pollock, Jackson 274
polysemic 349
Pompidou Centre, Paris 297
Pop Art 286, 286(m)
Popova, Livbov Sergeyevna 277
popular memory 61
popular photography 117-65;
beyond the domestic 127-9;
fiction and fantasy 129-30; in the
galleries 164-5; informality and
intimacy 136-7; Kodak and the
mass market 142-8; overview
119-24; portraits and albums
130-5; post-family and postphotography
161–4; the public
and the private 124-7; social
history 56-7; the supersnap in
Kodaland 148-52; twenty-first
century contemplations 152-61;
the working classes picture
themselves 137–42
pornography: anti-pornography
campaigns 181-3; La Cicciolina
case study 189, 190, 191; class
and representations of the body
186, 187, 188; homoerotic desire
183, 184, 186; objectification,
fetishism, voyeurism 177, 180;
personal photography 130
Portrait of Space (Miller) 283
portraiture: commodity culture
208-10, 218, 236; personal
photography 130-5; photography
as art 266; social history 56;
working classes 138
positivism 25, 323, 324, 349
Posner, Jill 226
postcards: Black Country chainmakers
142; Blackpool postcards
139; colonialism 86; social history
56; tourism, fashion and ‘the
Other’ 241; working classes
138-9, 141
postmodernism: aesthetics and
technologies 21-4; commodity
culture 208; definition 349;
documentary and photojournalism
114; photography as art 260,
288-92, 307; theory, criticism,
practice 36
post-mortem photography 201, 202,
202
poststructuralism 26, 294, 349
poverty: construction of
documentary 96, 98, 99; identity
160; surveys and social facts 75,
77, 78, 79
power 106, 107, 175, 176, 204
Pozner, Jennifer L. 202
Pre-Raphaelite Art 267, 267(m), 268
Pretty Polly tights advertisement
233, 234
Price, Derrick 81
Price, Mary 27, 29
printing press 17
print quality 44, 44(m)
Prior Park, near Bath (Brandt) 273
prison records 173, 175
Prochaska, David 240, 241
Pryce, WT.R. 138
pseudo-documentary 255, 256
psychoanalysis: colonialism 82;
contemporary debates 26, 31,
34-7; definition 349; human body
178, 189; identity 158, 159, 294;
Lange’s Migrant Mother 47(m);
Surrealism 281, 284
Puglia, Stephen 343
Pultz, John 47, 47(m), 60, 169
punctum 33
Punt, Michael 13
Q-Z
Q
Quaade, V. 253, 253(m), 254, 255
Quartermaine, Peter 82
queer photography 183, 186, 191
R
Rabinowitz, Paula 48
race: categorical photography 60;
colonialism 82, 84, 85;
commodity culture 232, 253, 254;
documentary 109; embodying
social difference 176, 177,
177(m); identity and the multicultural
295; the photographic
body in crisis 169; theory,
criticism, practice 36
radical history movement 153
Radical Party 190, 191
radiography 195
Rahir, Patrick 211
Rai, Raghu 112
Ramamurthy, A. 254
Ransom, Jenny 165
Rat Poison Suicide II (Serrano) 203
Rava, Vittoria 255
Ray-Jones, Tony 106
rayographs 284, 284(m)
readers of personal pictures 122,
122(m), 153
Reading American Photographs
(Trachtenberg) 81, 81 (m)
‘Reading an Archive’ (Sekula) 63
realism: categorical photography 59;
commodity culture 218; critical
reflections on 27-30; cultural
politics and everyday life 109;
electronic imaging 321, 322, 323,
325,331; human body 182, 189;
Lange’s Migrant Mother 43(m);
the photograph as document 18,
19; photography reconsidered 35;
photography theory 27; the real
and the digital 73-5; systems of
representation 264-5; theory,
criticism, practice 37
reality: critical reflections on realism
27, 28, 30; human body 204;
Lange’s Migrant Mother 47,
48(m); the photograph as
document 18; realism and systems
of representation 264; theory and
the critique of documentary
106
Reas, Paul 294(m)
reception 328-30
Reflections of the Black Experience
(Baker) 295
refugees 161
Regarding the Pain of Others
(Sontag) 91
Rejlander, Oscar Gustav 80, 137,
268, 321
religion 182, 203
representation 17, 22, 36, 68, 108,
264,350
repression 127, 282, 350
reproduction 350
Respini, Eva 238
Returning Home (Meiselas) 89
‘The Rhetoric of the Image’ (Barthes)
230
Richards, Thomas 81, 217, 220
Riefenstahl, Leni 236
Riis, Jacob 77-8, 79, 81, 96, 137
Ritchen, Fred 316,317,318,319,
320
River Scene, France (Silvy) 266, 267,
305
Roberts, John 45-6, 46(m), 109,
286
Roberts, Pam 134(m), 165
Roberts, Russell 63(m)
Robins, Corinne 290
Robins, Kevin 323, 324, 330
Robinson, Henry Peach 268, 269,
271, 306, 307
Rochberg-Halton, E. 152
Rodchenko, Alexander 97, 123, 278,
279
Rodgers, George 88(m), 275
Rodgerson, Gillian 182, 183, 187
Rogers, Brett 299, 299(m)
Roger-Viollet, L. 193
roll film 270, 336
Rolston, Adam 170
Romanticism 305
‘The Rooftop’, Villa Savo ye (Knorr)
258
Room 1 (Seawright) 90
Rosenblum, Naomi 42, 44, 54-6,
268(m)
Rosier, Martha 39(m), 42, 69, 96,
201, 289
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 267(m)
Rothko, Mark 274
Rothstein, Arthur 72, 97, 99
Rouille, Andre 14(m), 54, 54(m), 132
Rousse, Kate 165
Rowland, Anna 276
Royal Academy, London 260
Royal Photographic Society (RPS)
15(m), 57, 130, 271(m), 297(m)
Royal Society of Arts 261
royalty 132, 147
Rubinstein, Daniel 337
Ruby, Jay 201, 202
Rushdie, Salman 21 O
Russell, William 86
Russian Futurism 35
Ryan, James R. 84, 86
S
Saab advertisement 198, 200
sadomasochism 184
Said, Edward 241
St Mary’s School, Manchester 138
Saks, Arnold 227
Salgado, Sebastiao 113
Salvemini, Lorella Pagnucco 256
Sampson, Anthony 100
Sandon, Emma 127
San Francisco Museum of Modern
Art 272(m), 297
Sassoon, Joanne 343
Satanic Verses (Rushdie) 210
Saunders, Nick 162-3, 164, 165
Savan, Leslie 255
Schadeberg, Jurgen 100, 102
Scharf, Aaron 262-4, 266, 269
Schicci, Riccardo 189, 190, 191
Schildkrout, Enid 240
Schmidt, Joachim 165
Das schone Madchen (Hoch) 197
school photos 137, 138
science 25, 195, 229
scopophilia 179, 233, 350
Scottish Photography Archive
297(m)
Screening the Body (Cartwright)
194(m)
Seawright, Paul 90, 90
Second World War 88, 148, 316
Segal, Lynne 183
Sekula, Allan: documentary and
authenticity 73; embodying social
difference 173-5, 177; social
history 60, 61, 63, 64;
surveillance 338
Self Burial (Arnatt) 287
semiology 31, 106, 223, 350
semiotics: aesthetics and
technologies 18, 22;
contemporary debates 31, 32, 35,
36, 37; definition 350; Lange’s
Migrant Mother 39(m), 46;
personal photography 153;
photography as art 300; the real
and the digital 74
sensationalism 211
Serrano, Andres 172(m), 184, 202,
203, 203
sexism 232
sexuality: anti-pornography
campaigns 182, 183; cultural
politics and everyday life 109;
fashion photography 236, 239;
gender, fashion and the gaze
233; identity 159; objectification,
fetishism, voyeurism 177-8, 179,
180; the photographic body in
crisis 172; tourism, fashion and
‘the Other’ 244, 245
Seymour, David (Chim) 88(m)
Shahn, Ben 97
Sharpe, L. 218
Sharpeville massacre 100
Sheard, Tim 159
Sherman, Cindy 169, 237, 239,
289,290,295
Shields, Rob 330
Shifting Focus (Butler) 294,
294(m)
Shinkle, Eugenie 236
shock advertising 254-5
Shocks to the System exhibition
300(m)
Shore, Stephen 110, 298
Side Gallery, Newcastle 302
sns 31, 4 7 10 223,224
Silvy, Camille 266, 267, 305, 307
Simmel, Georg 173
Simpson, O.J. 208
simulacra 22, 23, 114
simulations 331-2
Situationist International 207,
207(m)
Slater, Don: commodity culture 210,
21 0(m), 242, 250, 252; cultural
politics and everyday life 108;
electronic imaging 336; personal
photography 120, 120(m), 123,
143, 149
Sluis, Katrina 337
Small World (Parr) 114
Smith, Clarissa 183, 186
Smith, Karen 165
Smith, Katie 71, 72
Smith, L. 134
Smith, W. Eugene 88
Snyder, Joel 58, 321
social class 96, 186-9
social history 56-64; the archive
63-4; categorical photography
59-61; definition 351; institutions
and contexts 61-2; the museum
62-3; personal photography 120;
photograph as testament 57-9;
photography reconsidered 34, 37;
social history and photography
56-7
socialism 300
social science theory 25
Society for Photographing Relics of
Old London 128
Society of the Spectacle (Debord) 207
So Exotic, So Homemade (Walker) 94
Solanke, A. 154
solarisation 284, 284(m), 285
Solomon-Godeau, Abigail:
commodity culture 236, 238, 240;
documentary photography 69,
69(m); Lange’s Migrant Mother 43,
43(m); objectification, fetishism,
voyeurism 177(m), 178, 178(m);
photography as art 279,
279(m)
sonograms 194, 195
Sontag, Susan: commodity culture
208; critical reflections on realism
28, 29, 30; human body 179,
189, 189(m), 201, 201(m);
photography theory 27, 27(m);
reading the image 34; surveys
and social facts 91
Sotheby’s 302
‘Soul Searching’ (Marc) 296
Southam, Jem 111, 307
Soviet Constructivism 259(m),
277-9, 284, 291
Spanish Civil War 88
spectacles and illusions 207-56;
Benetton case study 253-6;
commercial photography, image
banks and corporate media
213-16; commodity spectacles in
advertising photography 216-20;
context of the image 250-3;
creation of meaning through
context and photographic styles
226-8; fashion photography
236-40; hegemony in
photographic representation
228-36; overview 207-8;
photographic portraiture and
commodity culture 208-1 0;
photojournalism, glamour and the
paparazzi 210-13; Telenor case
study 221-5; tourism, fashion and
‘ the Other’ case study 240-9;
transfer of meaning 225-6
spectatorship 35
Spence, Jo: electronic imaging 338;
Greedy 159; personal
photography 121, 123, 157, 158,
160; the photographic body in
crisis 169
Spender, Humphrey 94, 95, 95
Spiegel, Lynn 325
Spray it Loud (Posner) 226
Squiers, Carol 170, 211, 212,227,
227(m)
staged images 290, 290(m)
Stallabrass, Julian 107-8
Staller, Ilona 189-91, 190
Stallybrass, Peter 187, 188, 189
Stanley, J. 154
Stapely, G. 218
Steele-Perkins, Chris 11 O
Steichen, Edward 41
Steinbeck, John 98
Stein, Sally 78, 229, 229(m)
Stein, Sylvester 100
stereoscopes 129, 129-30, 178, 192,
193, 325
Stieglitz, Alfred 269, 281(m)
Stills Gallery, Edinburgh 297(m)
stock photography 213-16, 216,
218, 219, 245, 339
Stokes, Philip 33
Stott, William 92(m), 92-3
straight photography: art or
technology? 15(m); definition
351; documentary and
photojournalism 69, 69(m), 70;
electronic imaging 321;
photography as art 274, 292,
298
Strand, Paul 20-1, 275
Strauss, David Levi 92, 92(m)
The Streens (Derges) 309
Strindberg, August 270(m)
structuralism 31, 32, 351
Struk, Janina 161
Stryker, Roy 40, 40(m), 45, 46, 97
Stuart Hall Library 296
studium 33
sublime 305; definition 351
A Sudden Gust of Wind (after
Houkusai) (Wall) 304, 305
Sullivan, Constance 56, 293, 293(m)
Sun 211
Sunday Times Magazine 214, 215,
286
Surrealism 236, 272, 281-5, 305
394
surveillance 160, 338-9
surveyors and surveyed 67-115;
construction of documentary
92-102; documentary and
photojournalism 69-75;
documentary: new cultures, new
spaces 102-15; overview 67-8;
surveys and social facts 75-92
Sutcliffe, Frank Meadow 80, 95, 136
Sweetness and Light (Kempadoo) 85
Swift, Willie 137
Swingler, S 132
symbolic codes/signs 31, 46
S/Z 32
Szarkowski, John 49, 55, 55(m),
110,280
T
tableaux 134
tabloid newspapers 211, 213
Tagg, John: commodity culture 208,
208(m), 209, 221; documentary
107, 107(m), 108; electronic
imaging 326, 328, 338;
embodying social difference
174, 174(m), 175; personal
photography 123, 123(m),
131, 137; social history 57(m),
59, 59(m)
Tango of Slaves (Ziv) 153
Tate Britain 272(m)
Tate Gallery, St Ives, Cornwall 272,
272(m)
Tate Liverpool 272(m)
Tate Modern, London 260, 272(m),
297
Tatlin, Vladimir 196
Tawadros, Gilane 296
Taylor, Bryce 212
Taylor, Frederick Winslow 195
Taylor, Janelle S. 195
Taylor, John 64(m), 128, 148, 298,
307
technological bodies 192-201; body
as machine 196-8; camera as
mechanical eye 192-5; digital
imaging and the malleable body
198-201; interventions and
scientific images 195-6
technological determinism 351
technologies 12-24; art or
technology7 13-17; impact of
new technologies 12-13; the
photograph as document 17-19;
photography and the modern
19-21; the postmodern 21-4
techno-progressivism 323-4
Telenor advertisement 221-5, 222
teleology 351
Ten/8 62, 240, 289
Tennyson, Lord Alfred 267
Terminator 2 (Cameron) 200, 331
terrorism 91,171,316,338,338,339
texts 106
Themba, Can 100
theory: critical reflections on realism
27-30; electronic imaging 330;
photography theory 26-7; theory
and the critique of documentary
106-8; theory, criticism, practice
36-7; what is theory? 24-6
Thinking Photography (Burgin) 26,
27(m), 35
‘The Third Meaning’ (Barhtes) 33
Thomas, Alan 58(m), 58-9, 76(m),
76-7
Thomas, D. Willis 56
Thomas, William 83
Thompson, FM.L 42, 134, 147,
148, 151
Thompson, T hurston 270
Thomson, John 79, 80
Thornton, M. 236, 236(m), 237
Three Perspectives on Photography
exhibition 300, 300(m)
Through the Looking Glass
exhibition 300(m)
The Times 127
tintypes 138, 138(m)
titles 291, 292
Toblerone advertisement 198
tomography 195
Torday, Emile 240
torture 189, 189(m)
Toscani, Oliviera 234, 253-6
tourism: archives 64; colonialism 86;
documentary and photojournalism
114; personal photography 127,
129, 150; tourism, fashion and
‘the Other’ 240-9
Towards a Bigger Picture 297
Townsend, Chris 172, 202(m)
Trachtenberg, Alan 81, 81(m), 87
Trangmar, Susan 290
trauma 160, 161
Trevor, Paul 110
truth 316-20, 328
Tucker, Anne 40-1, 41 (m), 42(m), 55
Turner, Anthea 212, 213
Twin Towers 91, 339
‘The Two Ways of Life’ (Rejlander) 268
U
ultrasound 194, 195
unconscious 282, 351
United Colors of Benetton 253
United Co/ors (Salvemini) 256
Untitled (Herbello) 170
Urry, John 84, 127
users of personal pictures 122,
122(m), 153
USSR in Construction 12 278
V
van Alphen, E. 164
Vance, Carole S. 172, 172(m), 184
Vanity Kodaks 144
Van Lamsweerde, Inez 169
Van Schendel, W. 84
Venice Biennale 301
Vertov, Dziga 192
Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A),
London: fashion photography
238; photography as art 260,
292(m), 297, 297(m); social
history 62(m)
Victorian surveys and investigations
75-9
Victoria, Queen 132, 268
Vietnam War 88, 316
Viewers at a Panorama 326
Villa Savoye (Knorr) 258, 291
virtual image 330-6
Visible Human Project 195-6
visiting cards 132
‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative
Cinema’ (Mulvey) 180
vivisection 195
Vogue 244
Vogue Italia 238
voyeurism 36, 91, 179, 232, 236, 352
Vu 70
W
Walcott, Marion Post 97
Waldby, Catherine 196
Walkerdine, Valerie 157, 158, 160,
160
Walker, Ian 94, 284, 284(m)
Wallace, Marina 175, 177
Wall, Jeff 290, 303, 304, 304-5
‘The Wanderers’ 277
war 86-90, 147, 148, 210, 211, 316
Ward, Dick 220
Warhol, Andy 286
Warhurst, Caroline 122, 122(m), 142
Warner, Marina: personal
photography 132
Warner Marien, Mary: histories of
photography 50-1, 53(m), 53-4,
56; photography as art 263,
263(m), 306; social history 59,
59(m)
Watkins, Carleton 58, 306
Watney, Simon 35, 157
Watriss, Wendy 296, 296(m)
Weaver, Mike 55, 260(m), 268,
268(m)
Weber, Bruce 236
weddings 154, 157
Weernink, Wim 250
Weibel, Peter 317,319,320
Wellington pit, Whitehaven 141
Wells, Liz 165, 250, 307, 307(m)
Werge, John 131, 134
Weski, Thomas 110, 300(m)
West, Nancy Martha 119, 122, 129,
136, 143, 144
Weston, Edward 279, 280, 281,
281 (m), 306, 325
wet collodion 86, 86(m)
‘When Was Modernism’ (Williams)
272
whiskey adverts 232
White, Allon 187, 188, 189
White, Minor 280, 306
White Sea Canal (Rodchenko) 278
Wilkinson, Helen 218
Willett, John 276, 276(m)
Williams, Linda 177(m), 188,
188(m), 192, 192(m)
Williamson, Judith: advertising
photography 220, 220(m); context
of the image 250; hegemony in
photographic representation 228,
230(m), 230-1, 232; Telenor case
study 223, 224, 225
Williams, Raymond 13, 220, 259(m),
272,286
Williams, Val: documentary 95-6;
fashion photography 237;
histories of photography 55-6;
personal photography 123, 132,
136, 147, 153, 164; photography
as art 300(m); women’s
photography 293, 293(m)
Willis, A.-M. 314(m)
Wilson, Elizabeth 182, 183, 187
Wilson, George Washington 128
Wilson, Sir Arnold 124-7, 125, 126,
129, 136, 137
Winchester, Simon 114
Winship, Janice 232, 232(m), 233
Witkin, Joel-Peter 290
Wollen, Peter 262, 262(m), 275
Woman Photographers (Sullivan)
56
The Woman’.s Eye (Tucker) 55
Wombell, Paul 242,242, 313, 318
women: gender, fashion and the
gaze 232-6; personal
photography 134, 144, 150, 151,
153-4; photographers 56, 95-6,
158, 165, 292-4, 303; Surrealism
285; women’s movement 151;
workers 81, 81 (m)
Women Photographers (Sullivan)
293, 293(m)
Women Photographers: The Other
Observers (Williams) 55(m),
123(m), 293, 293(m)
Women using stereoscopes (Roger-
Viollet) 193
Wong, H.S. 210,211
Wood, Paul 287
workers: documentary 95, 96, 99;
General Electric 251-3; labour
relations 230-2; photographing
79-81; women 81, 81(m)
Workers Photography movements
337-8
working classes 137-42, 147
Works News 252
A World History of Photography
(Rosenblum) 54, 54(m)
Worlds in a Small Room (Penn)
244
World Trade Center attacks 91,
339
written text 291-2
XYZ
X-rays 195
Zafar, Ali 221, 223, 224
Zamora, Lois 296, 296(m)
Ziv, llan 153